In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, individuals who identify as nonbelievers, often referred to as “nones” encompassing agnostics, atheists, or those with no specific religious affiliation, navigate their lives cautiously due to the pervasive influence of religion. They conceal their true beliefs to avoid potential consequences, as openly professing disbelief can lead to social stigma, estrangement from family, and even legal repercussions, particularly when coupled with perceived attacks on religion or God.
Many nonbelievers in the MENA region seek solace, ideas, or like-minded communities on the internet, albeit recognizing the associated risks. Most of those interviewed by The Associated Press shared their stories anonymously out of fear of repercussions, as their families are often unaware of their true religious identities.
The MENA region, often considered the birthplace of major religions, is deeply entwined with religious culture. Lack of religious affiliation is often associated with immorality, making it challenging to advocate for the rights of nonbelievers. Blasphemy bans are prevalent in this region, as highlighted by a Pew Research Center analysis.
Nonbelievers in MENA find creative ways to navigate their circumstances. For instance, a Tunisian woman disguises her nonbelief by fasting during Ramadan, while an Iraqi woman recently shed her hijab. An Egyptian man’s identity card still designates him as “Muslim,” despite his agnostic beliefs.
One Egyptian agnostic, Hany Elmihy, founded a Facebook group for Egyptians without religious affiliation in 2011 during the “Arab Spring” uprisings. While it provided a platform for visibility, he faced threats and attacks. After leaving Egypt in 2015, he currently resides in Norway.
The role of religious authorities in MENA varies. Some institutions in Egypt aimed to combat atheism, while others believe in a person’s right to hold their beliefs as long as they don’t attack others’ beliefs. Atheism itself is not criminalized in Egypt, although instances of legal action against nonbelievers exist.
Iran and Saudi Arabia have stricter measures against atheism, with cases of individuals facing severe penalties, including death sentences and lashings, for expressing disbelief online. Despite these challenges, nonbelievers in the MENA region continue to navigate their complex existence within societies deeply rooted in religious traditions.